Individual-Focused Theories of Crime

There are several biological theories that highlight genetics, brain function, hormone levels, and other physical differences between individuals as possible explanations for why some individuals commit crime. Research in this field uses, among other methods, twin studies, adoption studies, brain imaging, physiological measurements, and neuropsychology to investigate the relationship between biological factors and individuals' behavior.

What the research identifies is biological risk factors that increase the vulnerability of individual people to criminal behavior. A risk factor does not mean that a person is predetermined to develop criminal behavior. Rather, it means that the likelihood that a person will carry out criminal behavior under certain circumstances increases. For example, difficulties with impulse control can increase the risk of committing a violent act, but biological factors always interact with the environment. Biological vulnerability is affected by things such as upbringing, relationships, and living conditions.

Biological research is used mainly to explain antisocial behavior, for example impulsivity, aggression, or norm-breaking behavior, as well as violent acts. It is therefore not sufficient for understanding every type of crime. Financial crime or ideologically motivated crime require other explanatory models.