Some criminological theories explain crime through conflict, power structures, and social strain. Others focus on why most people, despite everything, do not commit crime.

Power and conflict theories

Power and conflict theories argue that the causes of crime can be found in tensions between groups in society. These may involve conflicts between cultures, social classes, or groups that possess different levels of power and influence.

A central idea is that the groups with the most power also play a major role in deciding which behaviors are defined as criminal. These theories therefore criticize the way laws, norms, and sanctions can affect different groups unevenly.

Strain theory

Strain theory starts from the idea that people may experience strong pressure when they lack legitimate opportunities to reach society's goals, such as financial success or social status. When the path to those goals seems blocked, crime may appear to be a possible alternative.

The theory also emphasizes that setbacks and unfair treatment can create negative emotions that, in certain situations, increase the risk of criminal acts.

Control theories

Control theories try to explain why most people do not commit crime. According to these theories, the answer lies in different forms of control that restrain our impulses and actions.

An important part concerns social bonds to family, school, work, and the local community. The stronger these bonds are, the more a person stands to lose by committing crime. If the bonds are weak or broken, the risk may increase.

Two forms of control

  • Formal control: laws and rules enforced by institutions such as police and courts.
  • Informal control: unwritten rules, norms, and values reinforced by shame, criticism, or social approval.

Control theories also emphasize self-control. People with low self-control may find it harder to resist impulses and may therefore be more likely to take risks or commit crime.

Preventive conclusions

From the perspective of control theories, crime can be prevented by strengthening people's ties to society: safe families, functioning schools, employment, stable income, and an active local community all work as protective structures.

These theories remind us that crime is not only about will, but also about access to opportunities, obstacles, and social attachment.

Sources: Granhag, P. A., Stromwall, L. A., Ask, K. & Landstrom, S. (2021). Handbook of Forensic Psychology. Liber. The Finnish Crime Prevention Council as cited in the source material.