Labeling Theory and Self-Fulfilling Expectations

Labeling theory and self-fulfilling expectations

Labeling theory is about how society's reactions to a person can affect whether they commit crime. The theory emphasizes that other people's view of the individual plays a major role in what behaviors a person carries out.

According to the theory, a person who, in the eyes of others, commits a norm violation can become “labeled” as a wrongdoer by those around them. This label can remain for a long time and affects how others relate to the person. When others see the person as a criminal, it can affect how the person sees themselves. One simply begins to live up to the image that other people have: you become what others see you as.

This is connected to the individual's self-image. If a person sees themselves as criminal, it may become easier to continue with norm-breaking behavior.

Self-fulfilling prophecy

An important psychological concept in this context is the self-fulfilling prophecy. This means that an expectation placed on a person can lead to it actually becoming true. If an individual is treated as criminal and told that they are “that kind of person,” this can affect behavior so that the person actually begins to act in that way. Expectations from the surrounding world therefore shape how the individual sees themselves and how they act.

When people receive a negative label and therefore have difficulty being accepted in, for example, working life, school, or social settings, the risk of continued norm-breaking behavior can increase. To prevent future crime, it is therefore important to reduce the negative effects of labeling. This can be done by giving people the opportunity to be accepted and take on a new role in society, for example through work, education, and support.

Excessively strong reactions from society in response to crime can also reinforce negative self-images and strengthen a negative identity, making it harder for the individual to break away from a criminal life.